Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials (Cellulose, Lignin, and Silica) from Renewable (Lignocellulosic) Resources

Abstract

Safer ecological/environmental requirements have necessitated the use of renewable bioresources to address the issues of sustainability of the resources. In this perspective, biomass is attractive due to its abundance, renewability, and low cost. However, there are some limitations for industrial uptake of materials derived from biomass for structural and other applications. As the demand for developing functional materials increases, macro- to nanosize reduction of materials provides an alternative for varied applications presenting advantages in behavior and functionality. This has triggered development and use of nanomaterials along with the need to find new sources to produce them. While most of nanofibers from lignocellulosic materials refer to nanocellulose (NC), there have also been attempts to obtain nanolignin and nanosilica from wood and similar materials. Surface modification and functionalization of NC from various sources including natural fibers can lead to various nanomorphologies which have potential for application in storage and delivery of drugs and cosmetics. Lignin is the second most abundant natural renewable biopolymer. Recent advances in bioengineering and biotechnology have brought lignin into the limelight as a value-added product in spite of this being mostly regarded as an undesired by-product. Silica with high purity and amorphous nature has many industrial applications. With the progress of nanotechnology and increase in demand, several silicaprocessing industries have started producing nanosilica particles. Accordingly, this chapter presents preparation methods of cellulose, lignin and silica in nanoform, their characterization, and applications.