Direct Visualization of Crystalline Domains in Carboxylated Nanocellulose Fibers

Abstract

Direct visualization of soft organic molecules like cellulose is extremely challenging under a high-energy electron beam. Herein, we adopt two ionization damage extenuation strategies to visualize the lattice arrangements of the β-(1→4)-d-glucan chains in carboxylated nanocellulose fibers (C-NCFs) having cellulose II crystalline phase using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Direct imaging of individual nanocellulose fibrils with high-resolution and least damage under high-energy electron beam is achieved by employing reduced graphene oxide, a conducting material with high electron transmittance and Ag+ ions, with high electron density, eliminating the use of sample-specific, toxic staining agents, or other advanced add-on techniques. Furthermore, the imaging of cellulose lattices in a C-NCF/TiO2 nanohybrid system is accomplished in the presence of Ag+ ions in a medium revealing the mode of association of C-NCFs in the system, which validates the feasibility of the presented strategy. The methods adopted here can provide further understanding of the fine structures of carboxylated nanocellulose fibrils for studying their structure–property relationship for various applications.