Green Synthesis of Mono and Bimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles of Gold and Silver Using Aqueous Extract of Chlorella Acidophile for Potential Applications in Sensors

Abstract

Bimetallic or alloy nanoparticles (NPs) have improved properties compared to their monometallic forms. Microalgae being rich in biocompatible reductants and being ecofriendly are potential sources to synthesize fuctionalized NPs. In this study, biosynthesis of silver, gold, and bimetallic NPs was carried out via bioreduction using aqueous extract of algal isolate Chlorella acidophile, inhabitant of non-arable land. C. acidophile is known to contain highly bioactive functional moieties, which can serve as nanobiofactories for metallic NPs. Various characterization techniques viz, UV–visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to determine their composition, structure, and crystal phase. The monometallic and bimetallic particles were found to be crystalline state and generally in a spherical shape. Their size ranged from 5 to 45 nm and the corresponding FTIR spectra indicated that the specific organic functional groups from algal extract were involved in the bio-reduction. Furthermore, the core–shell in the case of Au–Ag NPs was formed due to the simultaneous reduction of gold and silver ions. An enhanced and more pronounced Raman spectra of Au–Ag NP compared to individual Au NP indicated the improved properties of bimetallic NPs, the latter having been of immense potential to be used as sensors in industries.