Analysis of structural water and CH···π interactions in HIV-1 protease and PTP1B complexes using a hydrogen bond prediction tool, HBPredicT

Abstract

A hydrogen bond prediction tool HBPredicT is developed for detecting structural water molecules and CH center dot center dot center dot pi interactions in PDB files of protein-ligand complexes. The program adds the missing hydrogen atoms to the protein, ligands, and oxygen atoms of water molecules and subsequently all the hydrogen bonds in the complex are located using specific geometrical criteria. Hydrogen bonds are classified into various types based on (i) donor and acceptor atoms, and interactions such as (ii) protein-protein, (iii) protein-ligand, (iv) protein-water, (v) ligand-water, (vi) water-water, and (vii) protein-water-ligand. Using the information in category (vii), the water molecules which form hydrogen bonds with the ligand and the protein simultaneously-the structural water-is identified and retrieved along with the associated ligand and protein residues. For CH center dot center dot center dot pi interactions, the relevant portions of the corresponding structures are also extracted in the output. The application potential of this program is tested using 19 HIV-1 protease and 11 PTP1B inhibitor complexes. All the systems showed presence of structural water molecules and in several cases, the CH center dot center dot center dot pi interaction between ligand and protein are detected. A rare occurrence of CH center dot center dot center dot pi interactions emanating from both faces of a phenyl ring of the inhibitor is identified in HIV-1 protease 1D4L