Abstract:
Three phenazines, 1-methoxyphenazine (1), methyl-6-methoxyphenazine-1-carboxylate (2), 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine (4), and a 2,3-dimethoxy benzamide (3) were isolated from the Streptomyces luteireticuli NIIST-D75, and the antibacterial effects of compounds 1-3, each in combination with ciprofloxacin, were investigated. The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed by microdilution, checkerboard, and time-kill assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. According to the checkerboard assay results, each combination of compounds 1, 2 and 3 with ciprofloxacin resulted in a significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.02–1.37 µg ml−1, suggesting synergistic combinations by fractional inhibitory concentration index, and displayed bactericidal activity in time-kill kinetics within 48 h. SEM analysis was carried out to determine the changes in morphology in S. aureus and E. coli during treatment with individual combination of ciprofloxacin and compounds (1-3), which revealed drastic changes in the cells such as dent formation, biofilm disruption, cell bursting, and doughnut-like formation, change in surface morphology in S. aureus, and cell elongation, cell burst with ruptured cell, and change in surface morphology in E. coli. Hep G2 cell viability was not affected by the compounds (1-3) that were tested for cytotoxicity up to 250 µM.
