Investigation on the role of Tangeretin in alleviation of ER stress induced diabetic complications: An in vitro approach

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a progressive multifactorial metabolic disease defined by elevated blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia that in the long-term, results in injury to various organs such as kidneys, eyes, and heart and also damages the nerves and blood vessels. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, with 783 million people anticipated to have the disease by 2045 (Sun et al., 2022). Diabetes has emerged as one of the major global health issues having a significant negative impact on the socioeconomic progress of the nations and the lifespan of afflicted individuals. By 2030, diabetes is expected to be the sixth most common cause of death worldwide, according to the WHO (World Health Organization, 2010). As of 2017, the three major risk factors are high body mass index (BMI) accounting for 30.8% of mortality, dietary risk accounting for 24.7% of fatalities, and ambient particulate matter pollution responsible for 13.4% of mortality (X. Lin et al., 2020). India has emerged as one of the epicenters with a diabetic population of 74.2 million in 2021, second only to China having 140.9 million affected population which is projected to rise by 2045 to 124.9 million and 174.4 million in India and China respectively (Webber, 2021). Diabetes is mainly categorized into three types: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes.