Spiro-heterocycles: Recent advances in biological applications and synthetic strategies

Abstract

Spiro-heterocycles garner much fascination due to their unique conformational features and vast biological applications than simple heterocycles. The number of spirocyclic scaffolds forms an integral part of drugs and drug candidates of synthetic and natural origin. Apart from the medicinal aspects, their applications are outstretched in material sciences and nanosciences. Furthermore, they are versatile building blocks for synthesizing biologically useful and structurally complex motifs. The construction of spiro-heterocycles, especially 3-8-membered spiro-rings, has been attractive for synthetic and medicinal chemists in the past few decades. Therefore, we have highlighted the biological significance and several protocols, including metal and metal-free mediated construction of structurally diverse spiro-heterocycles and related motifs in this review endower.